Ceilings: History and Purpose
A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces over a room, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are widely placed to cover floor and roof construction. They have been favoured spaces for decoration from the earliest times: either in painting the flat surface, in featuring the structural members of roof or floor, or by dedicating it as an area for an overall pattern of relief.
Little is understood of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were intricate with relief as well as painting, as is shown at the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. In the Gothic period, the normal tendency to bring out structural areas decoratively then adapted to the creation of the beamed ceiling, in which large cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being thickly chamfered and molded and generally painted in attractive colours.
In the Renaissance, ceiling design was adapted to its highest peak of uniqueness and variety. Three types were furthered. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the intricate design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far outdid their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers were popular, with their edges intricately carved and the field of every coffer marked with a rosette. The second type consisted of ceilings largely or somewhat vaulted, often with arched intersections, with painted bands foregrounding the architectural design and with pictures covering the remainder of the space. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a great illustration of this. During the Baroque period, amazing figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also utilized to decorate ceilings of this type. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style show this. In the third kind, which was markedly coined of Venice, the ceiling became one sizeable framed picture, as in the Doges’ Palace.
In modern day architecture ceilings may be divided into two major classes — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at a distance under the structural members, some architects have attempted to hide super amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. The large part of suspended ceilings feature a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to hold plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.
Other architects, desiring the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, take enjoyment in showing the mechanical and electrical equipment. Because of this desire, many structural systems have been developed that have an expressive power in themselves and make admirable ceilings.
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